在阿根廷,如果您跳过机场货币兑换处,转而前往隐藏在布宜诺斯艾利斯各处的众多黑市交易所之一,您的钱就值双倍。
这些非法交易被称为“cuevas”(西班牙语中“洞穴”的意思),它们是阿根廷金融基础设施的重要组成部分。阿根廷人经常将他们的比索 (ARS) 兑换成其他货币,通常是美元 (USD),然后再兑换回来,因为他们根本无法依赖本国的法定货币。
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众所周知,ARS 的价值不稳定。该国的货币供应量一直处于高通胀状态,不时出现恶性通胀。 上个世纪,阿根廷的年通货膨胀率平均为 100% 。 1989年,通货膨胀达到了3000%!
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政府还实施了严格的资本管制,使得资金进出该国具有挑战性。即使是拥有美国银行账户的美国人,也无法从阿根廷的 ATM 机中取出美元。
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在哥斯达黎加度假或在迈阿密为孩子支付大学学费的阿根廷人必须支付高昂的税款才能将资金转移到国外,或者有时根本无法转移资金。因此,这类交易需要非法的解决方法。
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ARS 有一个钉住汇率,这意味着它的价值不像美元那样由市场需求决定,而是由政府规定决定——而钉住汇率几乎总是夸大比索的价值。因此,有一个繁荣的黑市,它设定了一种名为Dólar Blue的浮动、非正式汇率。这两种汇率通常有很大的不同:截至 2022 年初,ARS 对美元的官方汇率是 110 比 1,而非正式汇率是 215 比 1。如果您将 1 美元带到合法交易所,您只得到 110 ARS 比索,而您将获得 215 ARS 比索以换取相同美元的 cueva。
由于这些挑战,在政府不可见的情况下转移资金的需求很大。非法资金流动如此普遍,以至于人们对其进行公开和随意的讨论,就像美国人讨论他们使用的银行一样。
这种背景使阿根廷成为加密货币的典型代表。加密支持者的论点是,阿根廷人几代人都亲身经历过中心化法定货币的问题,因此他们特别接受政府无法干预的去中心化货币的情况。
加密爱好者在很多方面都是正确的。我认识一位几乎不使用电脑的阿根廷奶奶,但在 2016 年她从孙子那里听说比特币后,立即说“政府不能碰的钱?帮我买吧”,她一直拿着它自从。 (当您看到您的国家在您的一生中使用 5 种不同的货币时,这是可以理解的反应。)
我还亲眼目睹了加密货币如何改变了阿根廷黑市的运作方式。当我在 2018 年第一次开始每年访问该国时,cuevas 通常只宣传 ARS 与其他法定货币之间的汇率,例如美元和欧元 (EUR)。现在,他们将 BTC、ETH、TRON 和其他加密货币之间的汇率添加到菜单中,因为越来越多的客户需要它。
然而,在阿根廷使用加密货币的具体方式与很多人最初想象的构建加密货币生态系统的方式大不相同。
例如,加密爱好者经常想象一个个人直接控制自己钱包的世界——将加密代码存储在本地计算机或手机上,而不是使用 MetaMask 等第三方。
但实际情况却大不相同:阿根廷加密用户使用中介和集中式应用程序来访问加密。考虑到阿根廷人首先使用加密货币的原因,这一点尤其引人注目,你希望这会让他们特别接受去中心化的价值主张。
比索在一代人的时间里几乎失去了所有价值
如果您在 1995 年节省了价值 100,000 美元的比索,那么今天它们的价值约为 310 美元。在 1990 年代中期,1 ARS = 1 美元;截至 2022 年 7 月,价值为 322 ARS = 1 美元。任何在那个时候持有比索的人都会失去毕生积蓄。
阿根廷人已经知道,用其他国家的货币存钱要好得多,几十年来最喜欢的是美元,尤其是 100 美元的钞票。 1995 年,美联储的一份报告估计“阿根廷收到了高达 400 亿美元的美元净出货量,或人均超过 1,000 美元”,而且从那时起这个数字可能只会增加。
阿根廷人也学会了不信任银行,即使账户以其他货币计价。 2001-2002 年,政府颁布了一项名为“el corralito”的法案,将阿根廷人的银行账户关闭近一年。当他们终于可以再次提取资金时,他们发现 (a) 他们的美元存款必须兑换成比索,并且 (b) 比索损失了 2/3 的价值。阿根廷人吸取的教训是,他们不能信任银行或任何其他政府监管的金融服务,因为政府随时都可以阻止他们获取资金。
我在阿根廷看到的 100 美元钞票比我在美国一生中看到的还要多。根据经济学家埃德加·费格(Edgar Feige )的说法,100 美元的钞票按价值计算占所有美国货币的 80%,占流通中的所有钞票的 34%,而且流动的“本杰明”比所有 5 美元和 10 美元钞票的总和还要多。这对大多数美国人来说是不直观的——100 美元的钞票很少见,至少对我来说是这样。这对阿根廷人来说并非不直观,他们的家人可能已经在床垫下积攒了好几代 100 美元的钞票。
砖块——真正的砖块,而不是成堆的现金——是另一种常见的储蓄机制,尤其是对阿根廷工人阶级而言。砖的价值相当稳定,它们对建造房屋的家庭很有用。阿根廷没有抵押贷款行业,因此每次获得薪水时购买一托盘砖块是分期付款的有效方式。 (砖块并没有完全货币化,因为我认为人们不会购买砖块然后再出售,所以人们只有在他们真正有想要用砖块做的东西时才使用这种储蓄方法。)
正如您可以想象的那样,节省成堆的 100 美元钞票或成堆的砖会带来挑战。一方面,它们占用了大量空间。更糟糕的是,您的毕生积蓄也不断面临被盗、损坏和火灾的风险。如果确实发生了某些事情,则票据不受任何机构的保险或保护;他们刚刚走了。
因此,阿根廷人对储存资金的替代方案感兴趣,尤其是那些既不受政府控制又比在家中储存成堆现金更安全的替代方案。
加密货币开始让阿根廷人更容易储蓄
在美国,批评者经常取笑加密货币爱好者,指出如果你将加密货币存储在硬件钱包中,然后丢失磁盘或密码,你就完蛋了。他们嘲笑加密货币的波动性和困难的用户体验。他们正确地指出,当银行等机构可以安全地为他们储存资金并且没有损失资金的风险时,大多数美国人不会做出这种权衡。
阿根廷的权衡取舍非常不同:当您的替代方案是将钱箱存放在阁楼或床垫下时,不显眼的硬件钱包听起来是个好主意。当您想买房时,无需随身携带现金手提箱,只需携带带有私钥的 U 盘即可完成交易。在反思加密货币的波动性时,一种普遍的看法是“我宁愿拥有一种价格上涨和下跌的数字资产,而不是一种唯一真正趋势是下跌的货币。”
当大多数人想到加密货币时,他们往往会想到比特币(BTC)和以太坊(ETH)。然而,这些并不是理想的储蓄工具,因为它们的波动性很大,而且交易费用仍然很昂贵。
因此,BTC 和 ETH 在阿根廷的日常使用中并不常见。 USD-T、USD-C 和 TRON 等稳定币是更受欢迎的解决方案,因为它们与更稳定的货币(通常是美元)挂钩。
值得注意的是,用于储蓄的稳定币也更加集中。 Tether 基金会(发行 USD-T)阻止了交易, 中心财团(发行 USD-C)也阻止了交易。虽然 TRON 在技术上不是中心化的, 但它的联合创始人表示,它的架构不像其他区块链那样去中心化。
它们对阿根廷人有吸引力,因为它们不受政府的控制,而不是因为它们是去中心化的和真正无需许可的。
远程工作是与当地经济脱钩的一种方式
在加密货币正在改变人们使用金钱的方式的同时,远程工作对阿根廷人来说变得越来越普遍,因为它允许他们以比索以外的其他货币赚取收入。
远程工作人员有时会在国外开设银行账户,这样他们就不必将他们带回阿根廷(因此处于政府的监视之下)。他们将资金存放在 Payoneer、PayPal、Mercury 或爱沙尼亚和美国的银行账户中,并在阿根廷提取足够的资金来支付日常开支。有时这些是合法设置的,有时则不是。
美元和欧元历来是远程工作最受欢迎的货币,部分原因是大多数远程工作来自美国或欧洲,部分原因是这些货币相当稳定并在全球范围内被接受。
然而,海外账户对许多人来说仍然遥不可及——在国外开设银行账户通常需要到那里旅行,既昂贵又耗时。
Crypto 开始帮助阿根廷少数但数量不断增加的远程工作者。加密货币允许他们在阿根廷境内转移资金,而不必使用另一个国家的中介。这可以节省他们前往爱沙尼亚、美国或他们必须开设银行账户的任何地方的旅行。
如果秘密进行,还可以让他们避免阿根廷的税收(尽管这也需要与他们的雇主协调,许多雇主不愿意这样做,因为这会增加他们的责任)。
使用加密货币的阿根廷人越来越不受当地阿根廷经济的束缚,越来越多地融入全球云经济。加密货币正在为阿根廷几代人面临的问题提供新的解决方案,许多阿根廷人对它的潜力感到兴奋,因为它可以让制造、使用和储存货币变得更容易、更安全。
对于许多交易,加密货币比现金更实用
对正规金融体系的不信任是阿根廷日常生活的一部分。在每个发薪日,许多阿根廷人做的第一站是 cuevas(非法货币兑换),在那里他们可以将 ARS 换成美元。
这解决了一个问题——他们不再持有阿根廷比索这个烫手山芋——但也产生了许多其他问题。
一方面,成堆的钞票难以运输。这增加了任何交易所需的能源成本。例如,我的一位美国朋友多年前曾考虑在布宜诺斯艾利斯购买一套公寓,但当他意识到必须将 100 美元的钞票塞满一个手提箱并将它们空运到阿根廷才能满足卖家的期望时,他犹豫了。他认为这不值得麻烦。
运送实物票据也很危险。犯罪分子知道人们经常携带现金,这使得阿根廷的抢劫案比大多数交易通过信用卡完成的国家更具吸引力。
cuevas 本身也存在严重的安全问题——他们有时必须每天往返办公室运送数百万美元的美元,因此他们最终不得不经常移动办公室的位置,以免其他犯罪分子受到风吹草动他们的快递员将在哪里进出他们的业务。
加密开始帮助阿根廷人处理这些问题。在进行大宗购买时,比如买房子,您只需携带带有私钥的 U 盘即可完成交易,而不必运送装满现金的手提箱。与现金一样,政府不必更明智地发现加密货币交易的发生,从而使买卖双方能够避免资本管制和税收。
从与当地人的交谈来看,这听起来仍然很少见,部分原因是交易双方都必须同意以加密货币进行交易。它还需要很高的技术舒适度,用户体验差,波动性大。
然而,阿根廷人在发现复杂系统中的差距并充分利用它们方面拥有丰富的经验,因此我预计随着消息的传播,采用这种方法可能会迅速增长。
现金的另一个问题是,它可能需要买卖双方都愿意接受的受信任的第三方来托管资金。由于其中许多交易都是秘密进行的,如果出现问题,参与者几乎没有追索权,因此第三方的可信度至关重要。
在区块链上编程的智能合约有可能剔除该第三方,而是允许买卖双方使用中立的合约,将资金托管在双方同意交易完成之前。我还没有听说有阿根廷人这样做过,但这是解决生态系统中一个主要问题的大好机会。
加密货币也已成为 cuevas 业务的核心
与我交谈过的 cuevas 说,加密使在后端转移大笔资金变得更安全、更便宜。
一个关键用例是逃避政府的资本管制,以便他们可以将资金带入和带出阿根廷。政府已使从 ATM 机提取美元成为不可能(是的,即使您是一个美国人,其美国银行账户以美元计价),因此从历史上看,美元票据进入该国的主要方式是通过两国之间的物理边界。阿根廷和乌拉圭。
乌拉圭是阿根廷经济自由得多的邻国,它对美元没有限制,因此两国之间有大量美元过河。
然而,这样做既昂贵又冒险,因为奎瓦人不得不将大量实物现金走私穿过宽阔的拉普拉塔河。加密货币,尤其是 USD-C 和 USD-T,使转移资金变得更加容易:现在,cuevas 可以从他们在布宜诺斯艾利斯的高层办公室将美元转移到国外,而不必进入船。
另一种用途是以美元(通常是稳定币)支付给某人以换取实物比索。对于被称为“cuevas mayoristas”的“批发商”来说尤其如此,他们负责向较小的零售店提供大量现金。
从历史上看,这些批发商都有摩托车快递员,他们骑着自行车环游城市,将成堆的比索或美元运送到城里较小的 cuevas。这些快递员穿着定制的背心,夹在他们的外套下,这些背心专门设计用于携带最大数量的钞票而不会看起来很笨重,以避免执法和犯罪分子的注意,他们可能会意识到每个角落和缝隙都藏着多汁的发薪日围绕在他们的胸部和腿部。
加密货币通过为 cuevas 提供一种移动美元的方式来帮助降低这种风险,而无需将其实际运输到容易被抢劫的人身上。这些快递员仍然是业务的重要组成部分,因为阿根廷主要是一个现金经济体,因此人们仍然需要他们的实物比索,但加密货币通过减少他们需要与比索一起携带的美元数量,大大降低了损失的风险。
大多数阿根廷人通过中介与加密货币互动
从与几个 cuevas 和我的阿根廷朋友交谈来看,听起来普通人使用加密货币直接转移资金仍然不常见。更有可能的是,他们去了 cueva,cueva 为他们进行交易,而这个人没有意识到 cueva 在幕后使用加密货币来完成交易。
我觉得这很有趣,因为加密支持者的一个重要假设是,当加密被广泛采用时,每个人都将控制自己的钱包和地址。但现在在阿根廷,消费者与中心化业务交互更为常见,而中心化业务本身依赖于加密的去中心化存在,而不是消费者直接与区块链交互。
另一种看待它的方式是,cuevas 在后端使用加密货币使人们能够更轻松地访问美元和其他资产,即使他们自己没有直接与加密货币交互。
在实践中,这可能最终会产生与每个人都有自己的硬件钱包的世界类似的效果,因为如果他们依赖的集中式 cueva 行为不端或崩溃,cueva 使用的区块链的去中心化允许最终客户移动转移到另一个位于区块链之上的集中式服务。
但我也可以看到它的工作方式类似于我们今天访问互联网的方式。从技术上讲,互联网是一种去中心化服务,您无需通过 Facebook 或 Google 等中介即可连接,但实际上几乎每个人都通过这些巨头访问网络,并且它们在其上叠加了许多其他集中式服务很难从他们的生态系统中弹出。
甚至 cuevas 也选择了便利而不是权力下放
看到人们和 cuevas 用来与加密交互的工具也很有趣。我遇到的每位 cueva 经理都表示,他们和他们的客户更喜欢 TRON,而不是 BTC 或 ETH 或其他更知名的加密货币,主要是因为交易费用要低得多。他们说他们的客户不会经常向他们发送加密货币,但当他们这样做时,通常是来自 Binance 钱包的 TRON。当我的朋友试图直接从他的钱包中向他们发送 ETH 时,他们感到很惊讶。
他们使用 TRON 和 Binance 的事实是值得注意的,因为这两者都是没有最佳声誉的集中式服务。 TRON 的设计在技术上是去中心化的,但其联合创始人将其描述为“中心化”,因为它依赖于如此少数的超级代表,他们负责跟踪 TRON 生态系统中的交易历史来验证交易。
Binance 是一种加密货币交易所,是完全集中的,这意味着任何人在 Binance 拥有的任何余额都存储在 Binance 控制的中央数据库中,而不是存储在未经许可的区块链上。这意味着币安可以根据自己的选择冻结账户,这听起来很像阿根廷银行系统在 2001 年“corralito”期间所处的情况,这使得数百万阿根廷人在近一年的时间里无法动用他们的储蓄。
这种对去中心化加密货币的矛盾心理并不仅限于消费者。在与我交谈过的所有 cueva 中,只有一个人真正管理自己的钥匙。我认识的所有其他 cueva 都使用 Binance 作为他们的主要加密钱包,用于日常转账和持有储备。他们中的许多人持有数十万甚至数百万美元的这些储备金,这些储备金很容易随时被关闭,因为他们的所作所为显然是非法的。
这很引人注目,因为它与许多加密最大化主义者推动去中心化的故事不符。爱好者们都在谈论权力下放的重要性,鉴于他们不幸的财务历史,阿根廷人比大多数人更应该欣赏这些好处。
然而,他们在那里,将他们的储备保存在一个明天可能会被关闭的集中式应用程序中,理论上就像银行在 2001 年 corralito 期间一样容易。
我向自己解释这一点的方式似乎是,吸引阿根廷人使用这些相对集中的加密货币的关键特征是政府不控制它们,而不是以没有人控制它们的方式完全去中心化。
对我来说,这证明他们没有被加密背后的哲学所接受,而是被加密的实用性所接受。而且只要实用性和哲学不一致,你就会发现加密爱好者的理论与现实不符。
这些 cuevas 所揭示的偏好是,他们更关心便利性,而不是绝对的去中心化。
让这件事变得如此奇怪的是,一个低风险的替代方案相当简单,而且只是稍微贵了一点——他们可以直接使用 TRON,而不是通过 Binance 使用 TRON,每笔交易只需花费 0.50 美元。这对于转移少量资金的个人来说可能没有意义,但 cuevas 通常在 Binance 中存储数十万或数百万美元的储备金,因此在这种规模的交易之上 50 美分几乎是微不足道的。避免将您的资金存放在一个广受不信任的中央机构中,这似乎是一项有价值的保险政策。
除非我遗漏了什么,否则 cuevas 对 Binance 的使用似乎是非常短视的,尤其是在存储他们的储备方面。我对正在发生的事情的最佳猜测是,他们仍然没有了解所有与加密有关的陷阱,仅仅是因为它还为时过早。此外,企业主通常依靠年轻员工来处理“加密货币”。我的一个阿根廷朋友开玩笑说,当你让 cueva 进行加密交易时,他们会打电话到办公室后面,带出他们的“加密人”,他通常就像一个 17 岁的孩子,拿着智能手机,谁知道呢? Binance 应用程序的基础知识。
我很想知道如果 Binance 内爆会发生什么——cuevas 会损失惨重吗?如果是,他们会学到什么?我可以看到它是两种方式之一。一方面,它可能会让他们远离加密货币。另一方面,这可能会让他们更加欣赏去中心化,并告诉他们他们没有充分利用加密货币的独特属性。
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加密已经悄悄地改变了许多阿根廷人转移资金和进入全球经济的方式。通过加密的交易量正在迅速增长,并且越来越不受政府的控制。然而,已经发生的方式与许多加密爱好者想象的完全不同。
权力下放是一个有价值的目标,但在实践中,大多数阿根廷人似乎并不太关心它,至少不是纯粹主义者谈论它的方式。他们更担心政府能否拿到他们的钱;只要答案是“不”,他们似乎就不太在乎还有谁可以控制它。
起初,看到这么多阿根廷人使用集中式工具访问加密货币,我感到很惊讶。但经过反思,我意识到这正是我们应该从人类心理学中得到的期望:人们隐含地重视便利而不是为长尾风险做准备——比如稳定币变得不稳定的风险,或者交易所崩溃或被政府没收的风险——并且集中化更容易提供这种便利。
直到出现严重错误,我们才开始投资以保护自己免受不利影响。阿根廷的传统金融体系已经出现了很多问题。因此,如果阿根廷人不急于接受去中心化货币,那就说明了我们应该对世界其他地区的期望。
在阿根廷,如果您跳过机场货币兑换处,转而前往隐藏在布宜诺斯艾利斯各处的众多黑市交易所之一,您的钱就值双倍。
这些非法交易被称为“cuevas”(西班牙语中“洞穴”的意思),它们是阿根廷金融基础设施的重要组成部分。阿根廷人经常将他们的比索 (ARS) 兑换成其他货币,通常是美元 (USD),然后再兑换回来,因为他们根本无法依赖本国的法定货币。
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众所周知,ARS 的价值不稳定。该国的货币供应量一直处于高通胀状态,不时出现恶性通胀。 上个世纪,阿根廷的年通货膨胀率平均为 100% 。 1989年,通货膨胀达到了3000%!
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政府还实施了严格的资本管制,使得资金进出该国具有挑战性。即使是拥有美国银行账户的美国人,也无法从阿根廷的 ATM 机中取出美元。
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在哥斯达黎加度假或在迈阿密为孩子支付大学学费的阿根廷人必须支付高昂的税款才能将资金转移到国外,或者有时根本无法转移资金。因此,这类交易需要非法的解决方法。
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ARS 有一个钉住汇率,这意味着它的价值不像美元那样由市场需求决定,而是由政府规定决定——而钉住汇率几乎总是夸大比索的价值。因此,有一个繁荣的黑市,它设定了一种名为Dólar Blue的浮动、非正式汇率。这两种汇率通常有很大的不同:截至 2022 年初,ARS 对美元的官方汇率是 110 比 1,而非正式汇率是 215 比 1。如果您将 1 美元带到合法交易所,您只得到 110 ARS 比索,而您将获得 215 ARS 比索以换取相同美元的 cueva。
由于这些挑战,在政府不可见的情况下转移资金的需求很大。非法资金流动如此普遍,以至于人们对其进行公开和随意的讨论,就像美国人讨论他们使用的银行一样。
这种背景使阿根廷成为加密货币的典型代表。加密支持者的论点是,阿根廷人几代人都亲身经历过中心化法定货币的问题,因此他们特别接受政府无法干预的去中心化货币的情况。
加密爱好者在很多方面都是正确的。我认识一位几乎不使用电脑的阿根廷奶奶,但在 2016 年她从孙子那里听说比特币后,立即说“政府不能碰的钱?帮我买吧”,她一直拿着它自从。 (当您看到您的国家在您的一生中使用 5 种不同的货币时,这是可以理解的反应。)
我还亲眼目睹了加密货币如何改变了阿根廷黑市的运作方式。当我在 2018 年第一次开始每年访问该国时,cuevas 通常只宣传 ARS 与其他法定货币之间的汇率,例如美元和欧元 (EUR)。现在,他们将 BTC、ETH、TRON 和其他加密货币之间的汇率添加到菜单中,因为越来越多的客户需要它。
然而,在阿根廷使用加密货币的具体方式与很多人最初想象的构建加密货币生态系统的方式大不相同。
例如,加密爱好者经常想象一个个人直接控制自己钱包的世界——将加密代码存储在本地计算机或手机上,而不是使用 MetaMask 等第三方。
但实际情况却大不相同:阿根廷加密用户使用中介和集中式应用程序来访问加密。考虑到阿根廷人首先使用加密货币的原因,这一点尤其引人注目,你希望这会让他们特别接受去中心化的价值主张。
比索在一代人的时间里几乎失去了所有价值
如果您在 1995 年节省了价值 100,000 美元的比索,那么今天它们的价值约为 310 美元。在 1990 年代中期,1 ARS = 1 美元;截至 2022 年 7 月,价值为 322 ARS = 1 美元。任何在那个时候持有比索的人都会失去毕生积蓄。
阿根廷人已经知道,用其他国家的货币存钱要好得多,几十年来最喜欢的是美元,尤其是 100 美元的钞票。 1995 年,美联储的一份报告估计“阿根廷收到了高达 400 亿美元的美元净出货量,或人均超过 1,000 美元”,而且从那时起这个数字可能只会增加。
阿根廷人也学会了不信任银行,即使账户以其他货币计价。 2001-2002 年,政府颁布了一项名为“el corralito”的法案,将阿根廷人的银行账户关闭近一年。
当他们终于可以再次提取资金时,他们发现 (a) 他们的美元存款必须兑换成比索,并且 (b) 比索损失了 2/3 的价值。阿根廷人吸取的教训是,他们不能信任银行或任何其他政府监管的金融服务,因为政府随时都可以阻止他们获取资金。
我在阿根廷看到的 100 美元钞票比我在美国一生中看到的还要多。根据经济学家埃德加·费格(Edgar Feige )的说法,100 美元的钞票按价值计算占所有美国货币的 80%,占流通中的所有钞票的 34%,而且流动的“本杰明”比所有 5 美元和 10 美元钞票的总和还要多。
这对大多数美国人来说是不直观的——100 美元的钞票很少见,至少对我来说是这样。这对阿根廷人来说并不是不直观的,他们的家人可能已经世代在床垫下积攒了成堆的 100 美元钞票。
砖块——真正的砖块,而不是成堆的现金——是另一种常见的储蓄机制,尤其是对阿根廷工人阶级而言。砖的价值相当稳定,它们对建造房屋的家庭很有用。阿根廷没有抵押贷款行业,因此每次获得薪水时购买一托盘砖块是分期付款的有效方式。
(砖块并没有完全货币化,因为我认为人们不会购买砖块然后再出售,所以人们只有在他们真正有想要用砖块做的东西时才使用这种储蓄方法。)
正如您可以想象的那样,节省成堆的 100 美元钞票或成堆的砖会带来挑战。一方面,它们占用了大量空间。更糟糕的是,您的毕生积蓄也不断面临被盗、损坏和火灾的风险。如果确实发生了某些事情,则票据不受任何机构的保险或保护;他们刚刚走了。
因此,阿根廷人对储存资金的替代方案感兴趣,尤其是那些既不受政府控制又比在家中储存成堆现金更安全的替代方案。
加密货币开始让阿根廷人更容易储蓄
In the US, critics often make fun of crypto enthusiasts by pointing out that if you store your crypto on a hardware wallet and then lose the disk or the password, you’re hosed. They scoff at crypto’s volatility and difficult user experience. They rightfully point out that most Americans won’t make this tradeoff when institutions like banks can store the money for them securely, and without risk of losing the money.
The tradeoffs are very different in Argentina: when your alternative is storing boxes of money in the attic or under your mattress, an unobtrusive hardware wallet sounds like a pretty good idea.
Instead of carrying around suitcases of cash when you want to buy a house, you can just carry a USB stick with your private key to complete the transaction. When reflecting on crypto’s volatility, a common sentiment is “I would rather have a digital asset whose price goes up and down than a currency whose only real trend is down.”
When most people think of crypto, they tend to think of bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH). However, these are not ideal savings instruments because they are highly volatile and the transaction fees remain expensive.
As a result, BTC and ETH are not so common for daily use in Argentina. Stablecoins such as USD-T, USD-C, and TRON are a more popular solution because they are pegged to a more stable currency (usually, USD).
Notably, the stablecoins popular for savings are also much more centralized. The Tether Foundation (which issues USD-T) has blocked transactions , and so has the Centre consortium (which issues USD-C) . While TRON is technically not centralized, its cofounder has said that its architecture is not as decentralized as other blockchains’ .
They are attractive to Argentinians because they are not under the control of the government, not because they are decentralized and truly permissionless.
Remote work is a way to decouple from the local economy
At the same time that crypto is changing how people use money, remote work is becoming increasingly common for Argentinians, because it allows them to earn in other currencies besides the peso.
Remote workers sometimes set up bank accounts abroad so they don’t have to bring them back into Argentina (and thus under the watchful eye of the government). They hold funds in places like Payoneer, PayPal, Mercury, or Estonian and US bank accounts, and withdraw just enough in Argentina to pay for the day-to-day expenses. Sometimes these are set up legally, and sometimes they are not.
USD and EUR have historically been the most popular currencies for remote work, in part because most of the remote jobs come from the US or Europe, and in part because those currencies are quite stable and accepted worldwide.
However, overseas accounts remain out of reach for many people — setting up bank accounts abroad generally requires traveling there, which is expensive and time-consuming.
Crypto is starting to help a small but growing number of remote workers in Argentina. Crypto allows them to move their money around from within Argentina, rather than having to use an intermediary in another country. This can save them trips to Estonia, the US, or wherever they would’ve had to open their bank accounts.
If done covertly, it can also allow them to avoid Argentinian taxes (though this also requires coordination with their employer, which many employers are not willing to do, because it increases their liability).
Argentinians who use crypto are increasingly untethered from the local Argentinian economy and increasingly plugged into the global cloud economy. Crypto is providing new solutions to problems that Argentina has faced for generations, and many Argentinians are excited about its potential to make it easier and safer to make, use, and store money.
Crypto is more practical than cash for many transactions
Distrust of the formal financial system is part of everyday life in Argentina. On every payday, the first stop many Argentinians make is to the cuevas (the illegal money exchanges), where they can swap their ARS for USD.
This solves one problem — they’re no longer holding onto the hot potato that is the Argentine peso — but creates many other problems.
For one, stacks of bills are difficult to transport. This increases the energy cost necessary for any transaction. For example, an American friend of mine considered buying an apartment in Buenos Aires many years ago, but he balked when he realized he’d have to stuff a suitcase with $100 bills and fly them to Argentina in order to meet the seller’s expectations. He decided it was not worth the hassle.
It’s also dangerous to transport physical bills. Criminals know that people often carry cash, which makes muggings more attractive in Argentina compared to countries where most transactions are done on credit cards.
The cuevas themselves have serious security problems, too — they have to transport sometimes millions of dollars in USD to and from their offices every day, so they end up having to move the location of their offices often so that other criminals don’t catch wind of where their couriers will be going in and out of their operation.
Crypto is starting to help Argentinians deal with these problems. When making a big purchase, like a house, you can just carry a USB stick with your private key to complete the transaction, instead of having to transport suitcases full of cash. Like with cash, the government doesn’t have to be the wiser that the crypto transaction occurred, enabling buyers and sellers to avoid capital controls and taxes.
From talking to locals, it sounds like this is still rare, in part because both sides of the transaction have to agree to doing it in crypto. It also requires a high level of technical comfort, user experience is poor, and volatility is high.
However, Argentinians have a lot of experience finding gaps in complex systems and then taking advantage of them fully, so I expect adoption to grow rapidly as word spreads that this is possible.
Another problem with cash is it may require a trusted third party that both the buyer and seller are comfortable with to hold the funds in escrow. Because many of these transactions are under the table, participants have little recourse if things go wrong, so it’s crucial that the third party is trustworthy.
Smart contracts, programmed on the blockchain, have the potential to take out this third party and instead allow the buyer and seller to use a neutral contract that holds funds in escrow until both sides have agreed the transaction is complete. I’ve yet to hear of an Argentinian who’s done this, but it’s a big opportunity to solve a major problem in the ecosystem.
Crypto has also become central to the cuevas’ business
The cuevas I spoke to said that crypto has made it much safer and cheaper to transfer large sums of money on the backend.
One key use case is to evade the government’s capital controls so that they can bring money in and out of Argentina. The government has made it impossible to extract USD from ATMs (yes, even if you’re an American with an American bank account denominated in USD), so historically a major way that USD bills entered the country was through the crossing the physical border between Argentina and Uruguay.
Uruguay is Argentina’s much more economically free neighbor, and it doesn’t have restrictions on USD, so there has been a large flow of dollars across the river between the two countries.
However, this was expensive and risky, since the cuevas had to smuggle large quantities of physical cash across the wide Rio de la Plata river. Crypto, especially USD-C and USD-T, has made it much easier to move that money around: now, the cuevas can move dollars in and out of the country from their highrise offices in Buenos Aires, rather than having to get onto a boat.
Another use is to pay someone in USD (usually in a stablecoin) in exchange for physical pesos. This is especially true for the “wholesalers” called “cuevas mayoristas,” who are responsible for delivering large amounts of cash to smaller retail cuevas.
Historically, these wholesalers have had motorcycle couriers who biked all around the city delivering stacks of pesos or dollars to smaller cuevas around town. These couriers wear custom-made vests tucked under their coats that are specially designed to carry the maximum number of bills without looking visibly bulky, to avoid the attention of law enforcement and criminals who might realize that a juicy payday is tucked into every nook and cranny around their chest and legs.
Crypto has helped reduce this risk by giving the cuevas a way to move USD around without having to physically transport it on humans, who are prone to getting robbed. These couriers are still an important part of the business because Argentina is mostly a cash economy and thus people still need their physical pesos, but crypto has reduced the risk of loss dramatically by reducing the number of dollars they need to carry alongside the pesos.
Most Argentinians interact with crypto through intermediaries
From talking to several cuevas and to my Argentinian friends, it sounds like it’s still uncommon for a typical person to use crypto to move money around directly. More likely, they go to a cueva and the cueva does the transaction for them, and the person doesn’t realize that the cueva was using crypto behind the scenes to do it.
I find this fascinating because one of the big assumptions of crypto proponents was that when crypto is adopted widely, everyone will control their own wallets and addresses. But in Argentina right now, it’s more common for consumers to interact with a centralized business that itself depends on the decentralization of crypto to exist, rather than for the consumers to interact with the blockchain directly.
Another way to look at it is that the cuevas’ use of crypto on the backend enables people to more easily access dollars and other assets, even if they aren’t interacting with crypto directly themselves.
In practice, this may end up having similar effects as the world where every person has their own hardware wallet because if the centralized cueva they depend on misbehaves or goes under, the decentralization of the blockchain that the cueva uses allows the end customer to just move over to another centralized service that is layered on top of the blockchain.
But I could also see it working similarly to how we access the internet today. Technically, the internet is a decentralized service that you can connect to without going through an intermediary like Facebook or Google, but in practice almost everyone goes through those giants to access the web, and they layer lots of other centralized services on top that make it very difficult to eject from their ecosystem.
Even cuevas have picked convenience over decentralization
It’s also fascinating to see the tools people and cuevas use to interact with crypto. Every cueva manager I met said that they and their customers prefer TRON over BTC or ETH or other more well-known cryptocurrencies, primarily because the transaction fees are so much lower.
They said their customers don’t send them crypto that often, but when they do it’s usually TRON from a Binance wallet. They were surprised when my friend tried to send them ETH directly from his wallet.
The fact that they use TRON and Binance was notable, because both of these are centralized services without the best reputations. TRON’s design is technically decentralized, but its cofounder hasdescribed it as “centralized” because it depends on such a small number of super representatives , who are responsible for keeping track of the transaction history in the TRON ecosystem to validate transactions.
Binance, a crypto exchange, is completely centralized, meaning that any balances that anyone has with Binance are stored on a central database that Binance controls, rather than on a permissionless blockchain.
This means that Binance can freeze accounts if it chooses to, which sounds an awful lot like the situation the Argentine banking system was in during the 2001 “corralito,” which left millions of Argentinians without access to their savings for nearly a year.
This ambivalence for decentralized cryptocurrencies isn’t limited to consumers. Of all the cuevas I spoke with, only one actually manages their own keys. Every other cueva I know uses Binance as their primary wallet for crypto, both for day-to-day transfers and for holding their reserves. Many of them are holding hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars in these reserves, which could easily get shut down at any time since what they’re doing is explicitly illegal.
This is striking because it doesn’t match up with the story that many crypto maximalists push about decentralization. Enthusiasts talk all about how important decentralization is, and given their unfortunate financial history, Argentinians more than most should appreciate those benefits.
And yet, there they are, holding their reserves in a centralized app that could get shut down tomorrow, theoretically just as easily as the banks were during the 2001 corralito.
The way I explain this to myself, it seems that the key characteristic that draws Argentinians to these relatively centralized cryptocurrencies is that the government doesn’t control them, rather than being completely decentralized in a way that no one controls them.
To me, this is evidence that they are not bought into the philosophy behind crypto, but rather the utility of crypto. And insofar that the utility and philosophy are discordant, the more you’ll find that the theories of crypto enthusiasts don’t match reality.
The revealed preference of these cuevas is that they care more about convenience than absolute decentralization.
What makes this so odd is that a lower-risk alternative is fairly straightforward and only slightly more expensive — instead of using TRON through Binance, they could use TRON directly, which would only cost them $0.50 USD per transaction.
This might not make sense for individuals moving small amounts of money around, but the cuevas are often storing hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars in reserves in Binance, and so fifty cents on top of transactions of that scale is virtually nothing. It seems like a worthwhile insurance policy to avoid having your money in a centralized institution that is widely distrusted .
Unless I’m missing something, cuevas’ use of Binance seems very short-sighted, especially to store their reserves. My best guess of what’s going on is that they still haven’t learned all of the gotchas involved with crypto, simply because it’s so early.
Additionally, the business owners often depend on younger employees to handle “the crypto stuff.” An Argentinian friend of mine jokes that when you ask a cueva to do a crypto transaction, they call to the back of the office and bring out their “crypto guy,” who’s usually like a 17-year-old kid with a smartphone who knows the basics of the Binance app.
I’m curious to see what’ll happen if Binance implodes — will the cuevas lose big, and if so, what will they learn? I could see it going one of two ways. On one hand, it might spook them away from crypto in general.
On the other hand, it might make them appreciate decentralization more, and teach them that they weren’t taking advantage of enough of crypto’s unique properties.
A pragmatic revolution
Crypto has quietly transformed the way many Argentinians move money and access the global economy. The volume of transactions going through crypto is growing rapidly , and it’s increasingly out of the government’s control.
However, the way that has played out is quite different from what many crypto enthusiasts have imagined.
Decentralization is a worthy goal, but in practice it seems that most Argentinians don’t care that much about it, at least not in the way purists talk about it. They’re more worried about whether the government can get their hands on their money; as long as the answer is “no,” they don’t seem to care much about who else has control over it.
At first, I was surprised to see so many Argentinians using centralized tools to access crypto. But upon reflection, I realized this is exactly what we should expect from human psychology: people implicitly value convenience over preparing for long-tail risks — like the risk of a stablecoin becoming unstable, or an exchange collapsing or being seized by the government — and centralization makes it easier to provide that convenience.
It’s not until something goes terribly wrong that we start to invest in protecting ourselves from the downside. And plenty has already gone wrong in Argentina’s traditional financial system. So if Argentinians aren’t rushing to embrace decentralized currencies, that says a lot about what we should expect from the rest of the world.
This essay was originally published in Freethink on August 13, 2022
原文: http://devonzuegel.com/post/inside-argentina-s-currency-exchange-black-markets